Elderberry
Sambucus canadensis 'Adams'
fruitAdams is the early-ripening American elderberry, prized since the 1920s for huge clusters of dark purple-black berries and large fragrant white spring flowers. The fast-growing 8 to 10 ft bush is one of the easiest fruits to grow (often bearing in year 1), and the cooked berries are foundational in elderberry syrup, jam, wine, and immune-supporting tonics that have surged in popularity.
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Sun
partial shade
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Water
Every 3 days
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Harvest
~18 months
to first harvest
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Difficulty
easy
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Lifecycle
perennial
Comes back every year
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Spacing
6-10 ft apart
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Planting Depth
Same depth as nursery container
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Soil pH
5.5-6.5
Growing Details
Soil Type
Rich, moist
Hardiness Zones
Zones 3 – 9
When to Fertilize
Light feed in early spring
Fertilizer
Compost; balanced 10-10-10 if growth is weak
🌱 Growing Guide
Plant in full sun to partial shade on moist fertile slightly acidic soil. Hardy in zones 3 to 9. Adams is self-fertile but yields better paired with another elderberry variety (York, Nova, or a wild local species). Set crowns at nursery depth, 6 to 10 ft apart for full-size shrubs. Prune dead canes in late winter; older canes can be cut to the ground to renew the bush. WARNING: raw elderberries, leaves, and stems contain cyanogenic glycosides; cook the berries before eating.
Planting Calendar
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Direct sow
Apr 15
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Projected first harvest
Aug 23 · Year 3
JJan
FFeb
MMar
AApr
MMay
JJun
JJul
AAug
SSep
OOct
NNov
DDec
Year 1
✅ Plant alongside
Good neighbors that attract beneficial insects or deter pests
- Comfrey: Mineral-mining mulch returns potassium
- White Clover: Nitrogen-fixing living mulch
- Garlic: Deters elderberry borer
- Yarrow: Attracts beneficial wasps that hunt elderberry pests
🛡️ Pest & disease prevention
Proactive ways to stop trouble before it starts. Tap a name with an arrow for its full guide
Elderberry borer
Watch for wilting canes; cut out borers 6 in below entry holes and destroy
Birds love elderberries; net the bush 2 weeks before ripening or accept losing some to wildlife
Blast with water, encourage ladybugs
Mist foliage in dry weather
🌾 Harvest & storage
Adams ripens in August, earlier than most elderberries. Pick whole clusters when berries are uniformly dark purple-black; do not pick green or red-tinged fruit. Cut clusters with pruners and strip berries with a fork. WARNING: do not eat raw; raw elderberries cause nausea. Cook all berries (steam, simmer, or dehydrate) before use. Cooked, they make exceptional syrup (the basis for elderberry tonic and Sambucol), jam, wine, and pie filling.
🥗 Nutrition & benefits
About 73 calories per 100 g cooked with 7 g fiber, 36 mg vitamin C, and exceptional levels of anthocyanins (responsible for the deep purple color). Elderberry has been clinically studied for shortening the duration of cold and flu symptoms, and supplies notable vitamin A, potassium, and iron. Note: only cooked berries; raw fruit and all green parts are toxic.
⚠️ Toxicity & safety
Cook before eating. Raw elderberries and all green parts (leaves, stems, unripe berries) contain cyanogenic compounds that can cause nausea and cramps - always cook the ripe berries and never eat them raw.
For educational and informational purposes only. HomeSown is not medical, health, or other professional advice. Always positively identify any plant before handling or eating it; some plants, and some parts of otherwise-edible plants, are toxic. Consult a qualified professional before consuming or otherwise using any plant, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication, or have a health condition.